Abstract

A comparative analysis of 4 ESP experiments showed that ESP enhancedneither supraliminal nor subliminal inputs, nor did it strengthen an S'sdominant response tendencies. It proved to be most manifest when thecontents of the ESP message differed from that of concomitant external andinternal stimuli. Hence, it is concluded that external and internalstimuli constitute the noise background against which the ESP signal hasto be detected. In order to strengthen the detectability of ESP signalsand thus increase the possibility of successful ESP experimentation, it issuggested that, in addition to the already traditional reduction ofexternal stimulation in ESP experiments, there should also be experimentalcontrol of response bias and guessing habits, and especially the selectionof messages which differ considerably in their contents from the contentsof whatever external and internal stimuli may be occurring at the sametime.