To Amit Goswami an important issue is “disconnection” (whether the quantic
objects are or aren’t disconnected when there isn’t local interaction
between them). He believes Aspect’s experiment has been decisive in proving
there is “an influence without signal which operates between two connected
quantic objects”. Therefore, he supports an idealistic approach (in straight
opposition to the materialistic realism) where he doesn’t believe non-locality
to be some kind of property mediated by super-bright signals. Instead, he
presents non-locality as a fundamental characteristic of the connected system’s
wave function collapse, together with its being characteristical of conscience.
(Goswami, A. 1993, p.144-161).
Aspect’s experiment has suffered some criticism regarding its effectiveness and lack of
perfect experimental control. Penrose suggests that it might be some kind of
“artifact” arising from lack of sensibility on the part of the photon
detectors. If more perfect detectors are used the levels of correlation expected
according to Bell’s inequality might be fulfilled. He is aware of some
alternative arguments like Euan Squires’ “retarded collapse” (1992) where
he is in favour of super bright signals. (Penrose, R., 1995, p.248, 305).
John Bell, in relation to a similar problem, the question of “measurement” and
the “role of the observer” suggests a “foreground reference system”
whose interpretation of objective reality could still be maintained. Making use
of a precious metaphor – “Look at my spectacles. If I take them off now, how
far away should they be put aside so that they might be part of the object and
not of the observer?” He considers that a few problems haven’t been solved
yet like in Aspect’s experiment or Einstein-Podolski-Rosen.where the question
of measurement hasn’t got a solution for the time being (Bell, J., 1986,
p.70-71):
"…we can point out a few defects to present experiments, Aspect’s included. If we
tend to be strict, these experiments don’t show odd correlation. They show
that the counters used are too inefficient, that the geometry is inefficient,
that the ideal assembly hasn’t been carried out yet and that we need a lot of
invention beyond the experiment which can actually be worked out"…(p.76).
This non-locality could be subject to the crucial test, which shows that the
strict limit of Bell´s inequality correlation level has been surpassed. However,
the spatial “separation” required to guarantee that the objects won’t
influence one another instantly, isn’t the necessary one regarding a certain
“testing” and “wrongness” criterion, since they are experimental
structures belonging to a configuration localised in the same “global
experimental situation” in a continuum space-time. The two quantic objects
have already been connected in the past through their origin. The criterion we
must follow now is to be sure that the quantic objects haven’t come from the
same source of origin.
This type of quantum non-locality enables us to prove a specific characteristic of a
system’s condition, through the internal complexity of elementary matter. Each
system, 1 and 2 has got its own condition ruled by dynamic processes where the
laws of motion operate. The PQ transmits certain characteristics to the
particles’ motion according to the wave’s “form”.
For further study about what type of interaction could happen between two “global
experimental situations”, that’s to say two systems 1 and 2, this Bohm’s
non-locality must be associated with Laszlo’s “subquantic field”. This
field bears a holographic structure due to memory processes in Nature, which
allow connections with time. It works out like an orientation principle where
the memory and information field registers paths and motion of quanta as well as
quanta systems (Laszlo, E., 1993, p.99):
"The Universe must keep in its memory the information concerning all motion already
followed and rely upon a feedback of information in order to guide the next
motion. But that process requires memory. (…) The feedback of information in a
holographic field, though not being completed or error free, may accelerate the
feeling of random processes towards order and organisation. There is the
probability that random processes might revert into more coherent ones. This
would greatly increase the chances that the next motion could follow the
previous one".
Inflexion tends for a "continuous retrieval of information" about the results
continuous process and the information means some sort of weak and subtle
initial effect. The feedback of information in a holographic field may
accelerate the feeling of random procedures towards order and organisation.
Laszlo’s "self-referential logic" can explain Sheldrake’s "formative
causality".
We have to devise an experiment, which could show Laszlo’s “subquantic field”
evidence. Meanwhile, the present experiment of quantic mechanic in a laboratory
doesn’t influence a similar experiment in a different laboratory. The world
outside each laboratory, Einstein’s "objective reality" as some kind of
world “locally” real, goes on being independent as well as entirely
satisfactory in terms of perception. However, some empirical data must be
presented, in order to understand this "reality" with "independent
existence".
We have to introduce a new parameter of non-locality
levels so that we may distinguish what happens regarding interaction
in a single “global experimental situation” of System 1, and the interaction
in a “global experimental situation” between two or more Systems 1 and
2,…n. The type of interaction is different, since they are partly dependent
from local variables. The concept of non-locality level belongs to the quantum physics domain in order to
distinguish between what different experiments state and what Bell’s limits
assess.
There is less non-locality in the experiments, which make use of Bohm’s equations or
in the violation of Bell’s theorem by Aspect’s experiment, if we compare
them to the non-locality of the “probability structures” that Sheldrake
calls “morfic fields”.
1.2.THE MORFIC FIELD
Sheldrake’s “morfic fields” have a bigger non-locality level than PQ plus Laszlo’s
“subquantic field” and bear the same quantic matter fields’ status than
Broglie’s interpretation of nature where “…all matter looks like waves be
it atoms or whole molecules”. “An electron is a quantum from the
electro-positron field, a proton is a quantum from the proton-antiproton field.
Different types of matter fields may interact with each other, like what happens
in electromagnetic fields. All these types of interaction are mediated by the
quanta. The physical reality is a set of fields “… which specify the
probabilities of finding quanta in certain points of space”. (Sheldrake, R,
1995, p.170-173).
The quantic matter fields are interpreted as “space condition” whose non-empty
vacuum is full of energy and quantic fluctuations. Quanta come out of nothing
and annihilate one another. Particle and anti-particle take a virtual position
in space. Quantic matter fields taken as “space condition” give support to a
theory concerning material reality more in accordance with physics’ procedures.
The Bio-chemists can master their own laboratory practice if they “perceive”
the atoms like snooker balls while they use quantum physics to “perceive”
how chemical correlation occurs.
When performing experiments with crystalline structure molecular phenomena, the
symmetry pattern inside the net organisation doesn’t depend only from the
thermodynamic energetic stability. As a consequence, the mathematical models of
this process can’t only rely upon the molecules joining the crystal, which is
still in the process of developing. The development of the net as a whole is
connected with molecular jump in a cluster and the symmetry pattern doesn’t
come out of adding local effects. The differences between snowflakes can be
explained as random variation, while symmetric development inside each snow
flake can’t (Sheldrake, R, 1995, p.185).
Sheldrake’s theory states that crystalline structure stability arises from a morfic
resonance between the present experiment crystals and similar crystals tried
previously (p.188). He mentions a resonant communication between symmetric parts.
There is a “morfic resonance specificity”, which is directly proportional to
the similarity of activity patterns regarding resonance. The more similar the
patterns, the more specific and effective the resonance. In the laboratory A, if
we take enzymatic molecules, which haven’t yet been used in a winding
experiment, try to unwind them and measure the rewind rhythm, we will realise
that the rhythm of the next experiment in laboratory B is different and that
rewinding will be faster. Non-quantum locality is clear in this process, since
laboratory A is placed at some distance from laboratory B. Regarded through a
physics perspective, the concept of “present” means “duration” what
implies calculation of vibration cycles according to the characteristic
vibration frequency of the organism.
We may then assume from Sheldrake’s “formative causality” that probability
structures are bound to operate, in whatever experiment we might perform.
Therefore, we are allowed to conclude that an experiment carried out in a
certain laboratory will affect a similar experiment carried out in a different
laboratory. The morfic fields are less dependent from local variables (they
don’t interact as mere effects of these causes). Consequently, they are
representative of the effects connected with a certain level of quantum
non-locality whose value is reason enough for the interaction occurring between
two completely isolated systems.
The structure of vibration activity isn’t restricted to the local variables of
each particular laboratory. Both laboratories are subject to the same vibration
activity, which is a “probability structure”. The morfic field taken, as
“probability structure”, must be related to physics quantum processes. In
this article we will support that this “structure” belongs to the
fundamental motion of all beings in nature and acts simultaneously in both
laboratories since it acts simultaneously in the whole environment. The
fundamental motion in a time interval shows how the Environment Hologram is
displayed in the entire space.
The molecular dynamics of the snowflakes depends from the quantum potential plus the
sub-quantic field “inflexion”. They organise themselves internally by means
of a “self-referential logic”, which is the basis for the “formative
causality”, whose interaction result gives each snowflake an individual
symmetry. Laszlo’s inflexion causes order acceleration to be performed in a
very short period of time, what might explain Sheldrake’s self-resonance.
The morfic fields depend from the PQ and the sub-quantic field as their ordination
principle. The sub-quantic field has a holographic structure since it is a memory and information field. This (restriction)
structure allows for the development of complex processes in what concerns
organisms interaction with the environment. We are referring to the ones of
sensorial perception, which come out as quantum non-locality effects at this
interaction level.
1.3. THE HOLOGRAPHIC FIELD
An effort to consider in conjunction the theories of Bohm and Pibram has been noted
in the literature since it allows an integrated vision of the world. In this
integrated vision, the approach is based on the epistemologic position where the
objective world that manifests to our perception as being “exterior” does
not exist as we perceive. What is ‘outside’ is a vast ocean of waves and
frequencies (Talbot,1991, p.79). Nevertheless, Pibram has striving to limit his
work in terms of the “Holonomic Brain Theory” (Pribram, 1990, p.168,178).
"The term holonomic was chosen to distinguish it from holographic and still connote
that it is “holistic” and lawful (Webster’s 3rd international dictionary
defines holo – whole; nomic – having the general force of natural law, i.e.,
generally valid)” . Furthermore, “Formally the holonomic brain theory
resembles quantum field theory which remains linear until choices are made with
the ensuing ‘collapse of the wave function’. With regard to brain processes,
nonlinearities become manifest when perceived objects become categorized, i.e.,
become alternatives”.
However, for Pibram the most profound insight that holography offers is the "reciprocal
relationship between the domains of frequencies and of image/object”. Images
are features of the mind. The mind examines images as mental structures which
result from processes that include the brain and its interactions with the
environment. The image formation comprehends a transformation on the frequencies
domain characterized both at the brain process and the physical reality. Pribram
associates the latter with the domain of Bohm´s “implicit order” to
distribute the “folding” points all over the brain. At the “occurrence
density”, where time and space collapse in the frequencies domain, space and
time locations are suspended however are read out as transformations of the
image/object domain (Pribram, 1995, p. 36-37).
Mind and conscience must be extensive to the universe.In the memory,
input signs from the senses are distributed on a extension of the brain.
Gabor’s transformations codify both the object as the wave register and the
wave storage as the image. The storage of wave
patterns is reciprocally related with the formation of images from objects. Wave
functions result from transformations of objects and their images (Pribram,
1995, p. 34).
Pribram, based on Lashley’s idea that the computational power is not a function of
particular cells, propose that the perceptual processing depends on network
properties that extend beyond the purview of the dendrites of a single neuron.
The process that leads to computational elements is a synaptic event (dendritic
microprocess) rather than the neuron per se. Brain processes coordinated with
perception are distributed process, and together with perceptual event are
represented by patterns polarization across ensembles of neurons. A cooperative processes has a spatial temporal
patterning in which a three-dimensional volume of isopotential contours (hyperneuron)
takes place. (Pribram, 1990, p.156-157):
"Basic to this new view of neurology of perception is the fact that
propagated nerve impulses are but one of the important electrical
characteristics of neural tissue. The other characteristic is the microprocess
which takes place at the junctions between neurons. Hyper- and depolarizations
of postsynaptic dendritic membranes occur at the junctions between neurons where
they even produce miniature electrical spikes. However, these minispikes and graded
polarizations also differ from nerve impulses in that they do not propagate.
The influence of these minispikes and grade polarizations on further neuronal activity is by way of
“cooperativity” among spatially separated events. Cooperativity is mediated by the cable properties of dendrites and the surrounding glia
( see e.g., Poggio and Torre,1980). This type of interaction is called
“non-local” because the effect is exerted at a distance without any obvious
intervening propagation. By analogy the effect is also called “jumping” or
“saltatory” conduction by myelinated nerve fibers ”(Pribram, 1990, p.157).
Regarding “receptive fields” experiments made at the Stanford University (Spinelli
& Barret, 1969; Spinelli, Pribram & Bridgeman, 1970) showed that the
architecture of cortical dendritic fields, executed by computer, revealed
cortical receptive fields containing multiple bands of excitatory and inhibitory
areas, in contrast with neurophysiological dogma in which “figure” is
composed by convergence of Euclidean feature. The cortical neurons behave as
Fourier analyzers rather than line detectors. Pribram and Helmholtz considered
sensory cortical receptive fields as analogous to resonating strings in a piano
where a specific brain process is coordinated with the richness of experience
that is perception; so “the alongated receptive field organization of cortical
neurons suggests that neurons act as ‘strings’ tuned to a limited bandwidth
of frequencies”. The meaning of features, such as lines in perception, is
conceived as “identifiable emergent characteristics” of the form when lines
are conjoined in the receptive field.Thus,
the meaning of features becomes activated “either by sensory input or by
central process to configure a percept”. Pribram prefers “tuned frequencies”
to detected features because: “1) neurons in the visual cortex respond to
several ‘features’ of sensory input and there is no evidence that the
different features are represented separately in the output of the neuron, as
would be required if it acted as a detector; 2) tuned frequencies provide a
potentially richer panoply of configuration (e.g., texture), and 3) perceptual
research has clearly shown that lines (and therefore line detectors) composing
contours are inadequate elements with which to account for the configural
properties of vision” (Pribram, 1990, p.158-159).
There is an arrangement that allows parallel distributed processing of flexibility
within a single processing layer. This arrangement takes place when
“cooperativity” is implemented in dendrodendritic synapses. The selective
modification of the multilayered networks can occur since the presynaptic
network becomes influenced by
iterations of input. These iterations are similar to the “precathexis”
Freud’s idea about selective learning. Furthermore, holonomic brain
theory goes beyond this idea. Microprocess is conceived in terms of
“ensembles” of mutually interacting pre- and post-synaptic events.
These event are distributed with a limit of reciprocal interaction that
vary as a function of input to the network.
"Reciprocal
interaction among pre - and postsynaptic events often occurs, is correlated, as
in developing perceptual constancies, and is self-organizing. For other kinds of
computation, structured constraints must be imposed on the networks.
These constraints can come directly by way of sensory input or they can be
imposed from within the brain. The centrally imposed top-down constraints are
generated by a variety of brain systems which preprocess at the midbrain and
thalamic level the input to the primary sensory cortex. These top-down
preprocessing procedures, organized by prior experience, are those that
constitute the cognitive aspects of perception" (Pribram, 1990, p.160).
The analysis of relevant dynamics of neural processing allows us to distinguish
between overall “linearity” and “nonlinearities” in the sensory
processing. There are many stages of processing intervening between input
(in the form of modulations of nerve impulse trains initiated in receptor
activity) and output (to muscles and glands in the form of spatially and
temporally patterned trains of nerve impulses). Walter Freeman describes about
those stages and the key elements of the holonomic brain theory for Pribram, is
that “the operations of filtering, integration and transmission can be
described with linear differential equations and pulse to wave conversion at
synapses is commonly thought to be non-linear, but in fact, in the normal range
of cortical operation is linear”. Wave to pulse conversion is nonlinear at the
axon hillok only where nerve impulses are generated (Pribram, 1990, p.161).
Nonlinearities that constrain the basically linear junctional microprocesses
are imposed. “When the constraints on processing are
asymmetrical, as for instance, when excitatory and inhibitory inputs are
spatially or temporally asymmetrical (Poggio & Torre, 1983) directional
selectivity results. Such asymmetries impose nonlinearities on the basically
linear analog microprocess”. Neural processes involved in spatial vision are
similar to those implicated in audition. In the Fourier, decomposition
represents a spatial or temporal pattern by regular oscillations
differing in amplitude and frequency. “However, each of the sinusoidal Fourier
components extends to infinity. Cortical receptive fields are bounded. The limit
on the functional receptive field of cortical neurons is produced not only by
the anatomical extend of the dendritic field of a single neuron, but also by
inhibitory (hyperpolarizing) horizontal networks of dendrites that
interpenetrate overlapping excitatory (depolarizing) fields” (Pribram, 1990,
p. 162,165).
Thus “harmonic analysis” is appropriate for developing a computation theory
of the neural processes of perception. The process of coding, in both
spatial and frequency domains, is economic, since encoding with uncertainty
related to frequency and place is minimized. The economical encoding is achieved
by an ensemble of receptive fields. Transformations between frequency spectrum
and space-time are accomplished since the process is reversible. The original
pattern can be reconstituted by performing the inverse operation (analysis and
(re)synthesis). The decomposition is described as the spectrum of the pattern.
There are four fundamental concepts for the holonomic brain theory as follows: 1)
Space and time are intimately related through movement; 2) generalization of the
application of the concept of a spectral domain to colors, tones and
exteroceptive sensations (shapes of surfaces and forms); 3) plotting spectral
and space-time values within the same frame (this is the “uncertainty relation”
by Gabor that describes a fundamental unit and link with “reduction of
uncertainty” by Shannon); 4) ptimal
information processing, where the efficiency is based on spectral resolution
obtained by sharpening the tuning of receptive field properties (Pribram, 1990,
p.168).
“Entropy”, in the holonomic theory, is
regarded as “potential information”. Thermodynamic engines operate to
produce a state of maximum efficiency, i.e., a Hamiltonian state characterized
by a minimum energy. The thermodynamic engines are thus sensitive to the entropy
in the system which is measured as an amount of noise (heat). Perhaps a more
accurate statement is the degree of
efficiency that is a measure of the amount of entropy in the system. In
thermodynamics the amount of entropy interpreted as noise is measured
as temperature. At zero temperature the thermodynamic system
acts like a ferromagnet (it has, at best, 2 minima). If the temperature is too
high, the system acts as a “spin glass” - i.e., there are multitudes of
minima. For optimally efficient performance - i.e., for optimal information
processing - a “window” or “bandwidth” of noise (measured as a rise in
temperature) must be added in. The amount and bandwidth is decided upon the
basis of trial and error (simulated annealing, Hopfield, 1982; Hinton &
Senjowski, 1986). In short, the system can be tuned to perform optimally in
recognizing patterns to which it had previously been exposed. Efficiency,
information pattern matching, occurs in a region between total randomness and
total organization” (Pribram, 1990, p. 174).
Pribram came to the point by emphasizing that “information” is a function
of a participating processing agency (living creature) and does not exist per se
in the absence of it. Efficiency of information
processing depends also on actively
structuring redundancies.The
frontolimbic portions of the forebrain are involved in structuring redundance
and enhancing the efficiency in processing and entails a “polarization pattern
path”:
"The
Hamiltonians become operators (defining paths) in a Hilbert space. In this space
the amount of entropy is described as the amount of uncertainty and thus as
the amount of potential information. Therefore, the path of
uncertainty reduction is described, as in Shannon’s (1949) definition of an
amount of infomation, by a content addressable match between two patterns of
probabilities, two polarization pattern pathways. These patterns constitute two
entropic domains where entropy is defined as an at least partially structured
potential. The amount of uncertainty to be reduce is defined as by Shannon: the
amount of entropy conceived as an amount of structured constraint, i.e.,
potential information not disorder. Only the unit of information is different: Alternatives are no longer under
consideration when this basic level has been reached. When the amount of
uncertainty reduction achieves the minimum possible uncertainty, this quantity
is equivalent to an amount of least entropy in terms of Gabor’s quanta of
information. These quanta then form the basic units, the polarons, in the
holonomic brain theory” (Pribram, 1990, p.175).
A significant issue for us is the “randomness” process. Pribram
points out that this process does not reflect disorder.
"Randomness is as much a consequence of the structure of these initial
conditions as it is of the processes of shuffling the books or throwing the dice".
It could reflect the structure of initial conditions which reflect degrees of
freedom (uncertainties). In the brain, there is a process which involves a match
between an input pattern (structure) and a pattern inherent in the
sinaptodendritic network. “Both the input and inherent pattern provide initial
conditions such that the polarization pattern path of the match between them is
probabilistic”. Furthermore, “... for information processing the measure of
efficiency, i.e. entropy, denotes not only randomness but tacit structure”.
This is because Pribram detected an important sum of noise and structure with
redundancy (Pribram, 1990, p. 176).
Taking
now into consideration the stability in neural network, dissipative structures
have more or less “spontaneously” developed stabilities.
These stabilities are far from equilibrium such as the Prigogine function.
Dissipative structures are represented by nonlinear equations. In the brain processes
self-maintaining and even self-organizing exist. However, occasional spontaneous
innovative reorganization can also occur. “Where synaptic coupling are formed
adaptively (thus continuously relating input and central state values), the
output states can relax to the linear range or to saturation”. There is a
continuous feedback process to overcome the limitations of nonlinearity. A
successive interaction is an optimization principle. Computation occurs when a
minimum amount of entropy is attained. Therefore, the “principle of
least action” leads to maximizing the amount of information. An ensemble of
minima (isovalent contours junctional polarizations, ‘polarons’ of equal
value) of least entropy, allow to
compose a temporarily stable holoscape far from equilibrium. The ‘holoscape’
is a dissipative structure composed by ensembles that serve as attractors wich
define the boundary conditions for further processing (Pribram, 1990, p. 177).
PSI INTERACTION
The ESP is an effect of an interaction of several factors.
This effect is a correlation
of states between two space
and time isolated biological systems.
There are no change of energy/information between A and B systems, because all
informations are spread everywhere. There are no “transference” of energy/information.
We can find (experimentaly) in the material universe a almost linear process in
whom the pattern of “movements”
sincronicity are the base of the “correlation of states”.
The first factor: morphic fields
(Sheldrake).The morphic fields depend of the quantum non-locality
(one of the quantum paradoxes) – Aspect
experience (1982). The quantum non-locality depend of the Laszlo
sub-quantic
field, governed by the quantum field of Bohm.The sub-quantic field has a
holographic
structure (unified field).
The second factor: The brain has an holographic
structure (Pribram) of thenselfs are very important to connect non locality and
locality event by Fourier analysis, which allow the ressonance interactions
between the organisms and the environment; which permits the absolute
correlation of states between n-points,
with effect, a total(absolute) psi interaction.
The third factor : biological inhibition factor.
The stereodynamic configuration of
the neuronal nets allow the operation
of Gabor transformations, limiting the
infinites of Fourier, because of that there are a constant elimination of
data captable in the holographic fields. In order
that (stereodynamic configuration of the neuronal nets">)
limits the degree of absolute psi interaction. By this we can say that
the psi(ESP/Micro-PK) is rare and happens only when the Gabor transformations
don’t operate adequatily.
The Other factors: In general the brain and organic
life suffer any influence by Geomagnetic forces. Geomagnetic fields( and
other physical forces?) are a factor in which product of his interaction
develope in an inverse proporcional order ESP/MicroPk.
So when the Geomagnetic fields become higher the ESP appear reduced
and Micro-Pk increase, when the Geomagnetic fields become weak the ESP
appear higher and Micro-Pk appear reduced..
Thus , the Geomagnetic fields destroy (in the pre-sinaptic
vesicular) patterns of information (esp) at a level of intensity so as Micro-Pk
is a energy without any structured information. When a energy is weak its
possible to have structured information so that this energy-information in
correlation of states with other states of
enviroment define ESP. When the interaction of these factors involves
atleast one organism, we can use the designation
psi interaction. ESP
is the psi interaction in which the organisms share informations. It
is not possible to occur psi interaction among minerals only.
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